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https://www.icemiller.com/MediaLibraries/icemiller.com/IceMiller/PowerPoints/Responsible_Corporate_Officer_Webinar_PowerPoint.pdf#:~:text=%20RCO%20doctrine%20applied%20through%20common%20law%20to,incorporate%20the%20concept%20of%20a%20%E2%80%9Cresponsible%20corporate%20officer%E2%80%9D
https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2017/07/05/the-responsible-corporate-officer-doctrine-survives-to-perplex-corporate-boards/
https://www.dandodiary.com/2009/01/articles/environmental-liability/the-responsible-corporate-officer-doctrine/
Posted in Environmental Liability. In order to assign responsibility in connection with the enforcement of public welfare objectives, courts have developed the "responsible corporate officer doctrine," which in recent years has been applied with increasing frequency in environmental enforcement. A California appellate court recently applied the doctrine to …
https://www.wnj.com/publications/the-responsible-corporate-officer-doctrine-findi
Under the responsible corporate officer (RCO) doctrine, individual corporate officers can be found guilty of violating a variety of federal laws, such as the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA), without exhibiting any unlawful intent, negligence, knowledge of the violation or direct participation in the wrongdoing.
https://www.fdli.org/2018/11/the-responsible-corporate-officer-doctrine-protections-are-needed-despite-dojs-cautious-approach/
https://www.elr.info/sites/default/files/articles/23.10145.htm
The Present Use of the Responsible Corporate Officer Doctrine in the Criminal Enforcement of Environmental Laws Barry M. Hartman and Charles A. De Monaco Editors' Summary: The responsible corporate officer doctrine establishes that individuals, including management of a legal entity, may be prosecuted as "persons" within the meaning of several federal …
https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2601&context=mlr
the application of the Responsible Corporate Officer (RCO) doc-trine to "knowing" environmental crimes.2 Specifically, the jury convicted the defendant, a corporate officer, of knowingly trans-porting hazardous waste to a facility without a permit in viola-tion of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).3
https://www.dandodiary.com/2010/03/articles/corporate-governance/more-about-the-responsible-corporate-officer-doctrine/
The responsible corporate officer doctrine was first articulated by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1943 case of United States v. Dotterweich, in which corporate officers in positions of authority were held personally (and in that case, criminally liable) for violating strict liability statutes protecting the public welfare.
https://www.icemiller.com/MediaLibraries/icemiller.com/IceMiller/PowerPoints/Responsible_Corporate_Officer_Webinar_PowerPoint.pdf
RCO doctrine applied through common law to environmental violations on the theory that environmental laws are inherently public welfare statutes The doctrine was also adopted in the language of the CWA, CAA, RCRA, and other laws and regulations that incorporate the concept of a “responsible corporate officer”
https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2572&context=smulr
RESPONSIBLE CORPORATE OFFICER DOCTRINE MAY FACILITATE A DRAMATIC INCREASE IN CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL OFFENDERS by Steven M, Morgan, P.C. and Allison K. Obermann, Esq. ON I. INTRODUCTION July 16, 1991, U.S. District Judge Jerry Buchmeyer sentenced the
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/white-collar_crime
The “Responsible Corporate Officer” (RCO) doctrine (also referred to as the “responsible relation doctrine”) creates a presumption that a high-ranking corporate officer is aware of his or her corporation's wrongdoing. As such, a corporate officer could be found guilty of a crime of which the officer had no knowledge.
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